SpaceX IPO to Be Largest Ever at $135 Share Price

SpaceX, Elon Musk’s rocket maker and artificial intelligence company, set a price for its initial public offering on Wednesday of $135 a share, which would value it at $1.77 trillion and crown it the largest I.P.O. ever.

At that price, SpaceX would raise $74.4 billion from the offering, and its valuation would be more than 40 percent higher than the $1.25 trillion that it valued itself at in February. The current I.P.O. record is held by Saudi Aramco, Saudi Arabia’s state-owned oil company, which was valued at $1.7 trillion and raised more than $29 billion when it went public in 2019.

Most companies that go public set a preliminary price range for their stock offering before settling on a final number in case investor demand for their shares changes. But Mr. Musk and SpaceX sidestepped that and simply declared one price for investors. SpaceX could still change that price but is not expected to do so. It is likely to begin trading on the Nasdaq next week under the ticker symbol SPCX.

At $74.4 billion raised, SpaceX’s I.P.O. would be just about “more than every U.S. I.P.O. combined in the last two years,” said Matthew Kennedy, a senior I.P.O. market strategist at Renaissance Capital.

A SpaceX spokesman did not respond to a request for comment.

SpaceX’s I.P.O. is a bellwether for other expected offerings that are set to be enormous, including from OpenAI and Anthropic, the artificial intelligence companies. Anthropic confidentially filed to go public on Monday, and OpenAI is expected to file in the coming weeks. Both start-ups have valuations approaching $1 trillion. The three offerings could unleash an avalanche of wealth across Silicon Valley and Wall Street, creating new corporate titans in the process.

Among the biggest winners would be Mr. Musk, 54, who is already the world’s richest man. At $135 a share, the roughly 50 percent stake in SpaceX that he controls would be worth just over $752 billion. (Mr. Musk cannot sell some of the SpaceX shares he controls until the company hits various operational milestones, according to the firm’s filings.)

A large increase in the company’s share price in its first days of trading could turn Mr. Musk into the world’s first trillionaire.

Mr. Musk, who founded SpaceX in 2002, has remade the space race with partly reusable rockets and transformed communication with the company’s satellite internet service, Starlink. In February, SpaceX bought his A.I. company, xAI, which owned his social media platform, X, creating a conglomerate of the tech billionaire’s various interests. Mr. Musk separately runs the electric carmaker Tesla, as well as other companies.

He has used SpaceX as a kind of piggy bank over the last two decades, securing loans from the company to himself and relying on the firm to shore up several troubled businesses in his orbit. That was enabled partly because of Mr. Musk’s iron grip on SpaceX. He controls more than 85 percent of its shareholder votes because of a class of super-voting shares, according to the company’s filings.

SpaceX, which has contracts with NASA and other federal agencies, had long been something of a financial mystery. Last month, the company revealed a full picture of its financial health for the first time in an I.P.O. prospectus. The company reported that it had lost more than $4.9 billion last year, compared with a $791 million profit in 2024 because of increased expenditures on A.I. Revenue was $18.7 billion last year, up 33 percent from the previous year.

The company plans to use the money it raises from its I.P.O. to fund various moonshots, including Mr. Musk’s goals of putting A.I. data centers into orbit, building a lunar factory and eventually sending humans to Mars.

(The New York Times sued OpenAI and Microsoft in 2023, claiming copyright infringement of news content related to A.I. systems. The two companies have denied those claims.)

Nicolas Owens, an equity researcher with the investment research firm Morningstar, said that while SpaceX’s I.P.O. was enormous, he would not be surprised if “the records are broken more than once.” Companies like OpenAI and Anthropic have become larger than ever before going public.

“A trillion-dollar market capitalization for a company going public used to be unheard-of,” he said, using a term to describe a company’s valuation. “Now it seems normal.”

Lauren Hirsch and Maureen Farrell contributed reporting from New York.